1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Nuelin SA 250 mg Tablets
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Theophylline 250mg
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Prolonged release tablet
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Nuelin SA are indicated for the prophylaxis and treatment of reversible bronchospasm associated with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Because effective plasma levels are maintained for up to twelve hours from a single dose, less frequent dosing is required than with conventional theophylline preparations.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
ADULTS: One tablet twice daily, preferably after food, increasing to two tablets twice daily, if necessary.
CHILDREN: 6 TO 12 YEARS: One tablet twice daily, preferably after food.
ELDERLY: Elderly patients may require lower doses due to reduced theophylline clearance.
Nuelin SA-250 are not recommended for children under six years.
Nuelin SA-250 tablets are scored and may be halved but should not be crushed or chewed.
The dosage should be titrated for each individual and adjusted with caution. Serum theophylline levels should be monitored to ensure that they remain within the therapeutic range.
4.3 Contraindications
Porphyria
Hypersensitivity to any constituent or to xanthines.
Concomitant use with ephedrine in children.
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
The patients response to therapy should be carefully monitored. Worsening of asthma symptoms requires urgent medical attention.
Use with caution in patients with cardiac arrhythmias, peptic ulcer, hyperthyroidism, severe hypertension, acute porphyria, hepatic dysfunction, chronic alcoholism, acute febrile illness and chronic lung disease.
Smoking and alcohol consumption may increase theophylline clearance and increased doses of theophylline are therefore required. In patients with cardiac failure, hepatic dysfunction/disease and fever the reverse is true and these patients may require a reduced dosage.
Alternative bronchodilator therapy should be used in patients with a history of seizures.
It is not recommended that the product be used concurrently with other preparations containing xanthine derivatives.
WARNINGS: Xanthines can potentiate hypokalaemia resulting from beta-2-agonist therapy steroids, diuretics and hypoxia. Particular caution is advised in severe asthma. It is recommended that serum potassium levels are monitored in such situations.
PRECAUTIONS: In the case of an acute asthmatic attack in a patient receiving a sustained action theophylline preparation, great caution should be taken when administering intravenous aminophylline. Half the recommended loading dose of aminophylline (generally 6 mg/kg) should be given, i.e. 3 mg/kg, cautiously.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Cimetidine, allopurinol, corticosteroids, frusemide, isoprenaline, oral contraceptives, thiobendazole, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin or other macrolide antibiotics and the calcium channel blockers, diltiazem and verapamil, nizatidine, norfloxacin, isoniazid, fluconazole, carbimazole, mexiletine, propafenone, oxpentifylline, disulfiram, viloxazine, interferon alfa, and influenza vaccine increase plasma theophylline concentrations. A reduction of the theophylline dosage is recommended.
Phenytoin, carbamazepine, barbiturates, rifampicin, sulphinpyrazone, ritonavir, primidone and aminoglutethimide may reduce plasma theophylline concentrations and therefore the theophylline dosage may need to be increased.
Theophylline can increase lithium excretion.
The concomitant use of theophylline and fluvoxamine should usually be avoided. Where this is not possible, patients should have their theophylline dose halved and plasma theophylline should be monitored closely.
Warnings about the concurrent use of xanthines and xanthine derivatives are shown in Section 4, Special Warnings.
Plasma concentrations of theophylline can be reduced by concomitant use of the herbal remedy St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum).
Other interactions:
β-Blockers: antagonism of bronchodilation.
Ketamine: reduced convulsive threshold.
Doxapram: increased CNS stimulation.
Also see Warnings.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Administration of theophylline drugs during pregnancy should only be considered if there is no safe alternative and the benefits of treatment outweigh the risks.
Theophylline is excreted in breast milk and should not therefore be routinely administered to nursing mothers.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
No effect.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
The side-effects commonly associated with xanthine derivatives such as nausea, gastric irritation, palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmias, convulsions, headache, CNS stimulation and insomnia are much diminished when a sustained action preparation such as Nuelin SA is used. These side-effects are mild and infrequent when the plasma concentration is maintained at less than 20 microgrammes/ml.
4.9 Overdose
Over 3 g could be serious in an adult (40 mg/kg in a child). The fatal dose may be as little as 4.5 g in an adult (60 mg/kg in a child), but is generally higher.
SYMPTOMS
Warning: Serious features may develop as long as 12 hours after overdosage with sustained release formulations.
Alimentary features:
Nausea, vomiting (which is often severe). epigastric pain and haematernesis. Consider pancreatitis if abdominal pain persists.
Neurological features:
Restlessness, hypertonia. exaggerated limb reflexes and convulsions.
Coma may develop in very severe cases.
Cardiovascular features:
Sinus tachycardia is common. Ectopic beats and supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia may follow.
Metabolic features:
Hypokalaemia due to shift of potassium from plasma into cells is common, can develop rapidly and may be severe. Hyperglycaemia. hypomagnesaemia and metabolic acidosis may also occur. Rhabdomyolysis may also occur.
MANAGEMENT
Activated charcoal or gastric lavage should be considered if a significant overdose has been ingested within 1-2 hours. Repeated doses of activated charcoal given by mouth can enhance theophylline elimination. Measure the plasma potassium concentration urgently, repeat frequently and correct hypokalaemia. BEWARE! If large amounts of potassium have been given, serious hyperkalaemia may develop during recovery. If plasma potassium is low then the plasma magnesium concentration should be measured as soon as possible.
In the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias, proconvulsant antiarrhythmic agents such as lignocaine (lidocaine) should be avoided because of the risk of causing or exacerbating seizures.
Measure the plasma theophylline concentration regularly when severe poisoning is suspected, until concentrations are falling. Vomiting should be treated with an antiemetic such as metoclopramide or ondansetron.
Tachycardia with an adequate cardiac output is best left untreated. Beta-blockers may be given in extreme cases but not if the patient is asthmatic.
Control isolated convulsions with intravenous diazepam. Exclude hypokalaemia as a cause.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Theophylline directly relaxes smooth muscle thus acting mainly as a bronchodilator and vasodilator. The drug also possesses other action typical of the xanthines derivatives - coronary vasodilator, diuretic, cardiac stimulant, cerebral stimulant and skeletal muscle stimulant.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
It has been established that the xanthines, which include theophylline, are readily absorbed after oral, rectal or parenteral administration and this is well documented in published literature.
Theophylline is excreted in the urine as metabolites, mainly 1,3-dimethyluric acid and 3-methylxanthine, and about 10% is excreted unchanged.
Plasma half-lives ranging from 3 to 9 hours and therapeutic plasma concentrations from about 5 to 20 μg per ml have been reported.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
Not applicable.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Lactose Ph Eur
Cellulose Acetate Phthalate Ph Eur
Magnesium Stearate Ph Eur
6.2 Incompatibilities
None known
6.3 Shelf Life
3 Years
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
Store below 30°C.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
Bottle or Blister packs of 60
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
None
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Meda Pharmaceuticals Ltd
249 West George Street
Glasgow
G2 4RB
Trading as:
Meda Pharmaceuticals Ltd
Skyway House
Parsonage Road
Takeley
Bishop's Stortford
CM22 6PU
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 15142/0114
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
22 January 1980/21 August 2004
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
2nd February 2010
No comments:
Post a Comment